中考物理基础知识（十六）:第二十二章 能源与可持续发展

Fundamental Physics Concepts for High School Entrance Examination (Part 16): Chapter 22: Energy and Sustainable Development

李宏 湖北省十堰市郧阳中学

Li Hong Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province

第二十二章 能源与可持续发展-[中考物理基础知识]

Chapter 22: Energy and Sustainable Development - [Basic Physics Knowledge for High School Entrance Examination]

132．能源的分类（方式一）：

Classification of Energy (Method 1):

（1）一次能源：可以从自然界直接获取的能源为一次能源。如煤、石油、天然气、风能、水能、潮汐能、太阳能、地热能、核能、柴薪等。

Primary Energy: Energy that can be obtained directly from nature is called primary energy. Examples include coal, petroleum, natural gas, wind energy, hydro energy, tidal energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, firewood, etc.

（2）二次能源：无法从自然界直接获取，必须通过一次能源的消耗才能得到的能源称为二次能源。如电能。

Secondary Energy: Energy that cannot be obtained directly from nature but must be derived from the consumption of primary energy is called secondary energy. An example is electrical energy.

133．能源的分类（方式二）：

Classification of Energy (Method 2):

（1）可再生能源：可以从自然界中源源不断地得到的能源，属于可再生能源。如水能、风能、太阳能、食物、柴薪、地热能、沼气、潮汐能等。

Renewable Energy: Energy that can be continuously replenished from nature belongs to renewable energy. Examples include hydro energy, wind energy, solar energy, food, firewood, geothermal energy, biogas, tidal energy, etc.

（2）不可再生能源：凡是越用越少，不能在短期内从自然界得到补充的能源，都属于不可再生能源。如煤、石油、天然气、核能。

Non-renewable Energy: Energy sources that are depleted with use and cannot be replenished in a short period from nature are classified as non-renewable energy. Examples include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear energy.

134． 获取核能的两条途径-[中考物理基础知识]

Two Approaches to Harnessing Nuclear Energy [Basic Knowledge of Physics for the High School Entrance Exam]

（1）裂变：链式反应。

核反应堆中的链式反应是可控的，原子弹的链式反应是不加控制的。

核电站利用核能发电，目前核电站中进行的都是核裂变反应。

Nuclear Fission: Chain reaction

In a nuclear reactor, the chain reaction is controlled.

In an atomic bomb, the chain reaction is uncontrolled.

Current nuclear power plants generate electricity using nuclear fission.

（2）聚变：热核反应。

氢弹爆炸的核聚变反应是不可控的。

Nuclear Fusion: Thermonuclear reaction

The fusion reaction in a hydrogen bomb is uncontrolled.

135．太阳能的直接利用：

Direct Utilization of Solar Energy:

（1） 利用集热器加热物质；（热传递，太阳能转化为内能）；

Using solar collectors to heat substances

→ (Heat transfer: solar energy → internal/thermal energy)

（2） 用太阳能电池把太阳能转化为电能。（太阳能转化为电能）。

Using solar cells (photovoltaic cells) to convert solar energy into electricity

→ (Solar energy → electrical energy)

136．能量转化和转移具有方向性。

（这体现了热力学第二定律---某些过程只能自发地向单一方向进行，例如热量总是从高温物体流向低温物体。）

Energy transformations and transfers are directional.

(This reflects the second law of thermodynamics---certain processes occur spontaneously only in one direction, e.g., heat flows from hot to cold.)

137．能量守恒定律：

Law of Conservation of Energy:

能量既不会凭空消灭，也不会凭空产生，它只会从一种形式转化为其他形式，或者从一个物体转移到另一个物体，而在转化和转移的过程中，能量的总量保持不变。

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another. Throughout these processes, the total amount of energy remains constant.

138．未来的理想能源必须满足以下四个条件：

An ideal future energy source must satisfy the following four criteria:

（1）足够丰富；

Abundant (sufficiently available)

（2）足够便宜；

Inexpensive (low cost)

（3）技术成熟；

Technologically mature (feasible with current or near-future technology)

（4）安全清洁。

Safe and clean (minimal environmental impact and risk)

Explorer of Innovative Thinking

Author: Li Hong

Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province

February 9, 2026